9 research outputs found
Passive scalar diffusion in the near field region of turbulent rectangular submerged free jets
Jets are a common way to transfer mass among fluids, or from a fluid to a surface. At moderate Reynolds numbers and low turbulent intensities the jet exhibits a Near Field Region (NFR) several diameters long. The paper presents numerical results and a theoretical model for the passive scalar diffusion of a submerged free jet in the NFR. Large Eddy Simulations (LES), in the Reynolds number range of 5000â40,000 and the Schmidt number range 1â100, are performed obtaining the passive scalar fields. Three mathematical models for the passive scalar diffusion are presented; the first one is valid in the NFR, specifically in the Undisturbed Region of Flow (URF), and the other two, obtained under the hypotheses of Tollmien and Görtler momentum spreading, are valid in the Potential Core Region (PCR). The last two models employ a turbulent Schmidt number inversely proportional to the mean velocity gradient, conclusion obtained from the LES numerical results. The self-similar solutions of the passive scalar show good agreement with the LES results. The wide range of Reynolds and Schmidt numbers investigated gives generality to the results
Large eddy simulation and self-similarity analysis of the momentum spreading in the near field region of turbulent submerged round jets
The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link.Self-Similarity in turbulent round jets has been the object of investigation from several decades. The evolution of
turbulent submerged jets is characterized by the presence of two regions: the region of flow establishment, or
near field region (NFR) and the fully developed region (FDR), or far-field region (FFR). The momentum
spreading in the FDR is known to be self-similar and few mathematical models have been presented in the past to
describe it. The flow evolution in the NFR has been rarely studied since there is a certain consensus on the idea
that the flow in the NFR is not self-similar. In this work, we study the flow evolution of a turbulent submerged
round jet by means of large eddy simulation (LES) at several Reynolds numbers ranging from 2492 to 19,988.
Three new self-similar laws are proposed to describe the flow evolution in the NFR, one for the initial region,
called Undisturbed Region of Flow, (URF), and two for the final region, the potential core region (PCR). The
numerical results presented in this work are also validated with the self-similar laws for the FDR proposed by
Tollmien (1926) and Görtler (1942), and the experimental data of Hussein et al. (1994), and Panchapakesan and
Lumley (1993), in the FDR; those of Davies et al. (1963), in the PCR; and van Hout et al. (2018), in the URF. The
conclusion is that previous inability to find the self-similarity law in the NFR is due to the attempt to find a
unique self-similar variable to describe the momentum spreading in both the URF and the PCR
PÄ en vÀrlds avstÄnd? : en jÀmförande undersökning av romersk influens pÄ landsbygdsbosÀttningar i Storbritannien och Sverige under romersk jÀrnÄlder
Den hÀr studien gÀller Romersk jÀrnÄlder i Sverige och Storbritannien med fokus pÄ den senare. Det Àr en komparativ analys av utvalda delar av den materiella kulturenfrÄn ett antal olika lokaler i Sverige och Storbritannien med intentionen att skapa vidare förstÄelse rörande romersk influens i dessa regioner. Vidare Àr intentionen att uppsatsen skall undersöka möjliga likheter eller skillnader och dÀrigenom dra slutsatser om romerska influensen var stark eller svag i de utvalda bosÀttningarna i Storbritannien och Sverige. Var den sÄ kallade Romaniseringen för samtliga invÄnare eller var den enbart reserverad för eliten?This is a study of the Roman Iron Age in both Sweden and Britain but with a focus on the latter. The study includes a comparative analysis of selected goods in the material culture at a number of different sites in Sweden and Britain in the aim of understanding the extent of the Roman influence at these sites. The aims of the essay is to investigate if we can notice similarities between the Swedish and British setting and thereby draw conclusions regarding the Roman influence or lack of it in the Rural setting of Britain as well as the chosen settlements in Sweden. Was the Romanization of Britain for everyone or was it reserved for the elite
Flow evolution and mass transfer in a turbulent rectangular free jet of air with small laminar Schmidt number
Numerical results are presented for flow evolution, mass transfer and evaluation of the turbulent Schmidt number in a turbulent submerged free jet of air with small laminar Schmidt number (Sc = 0.1). A series of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) are carried on in the Reynolds number range from 5000 to 40,000. The numerical results are reported in terms of instantaneous and mean velocities, static pressure, passive scalar fields and turbulent Schmidt number. The numerical results show that the instantaneous cross-stream velocity and the static pressure are null in the Negligible Disturbance Flow (NDF) and the Small Disturbance Flow (SDF) of the instantaneous jet evolution, allowing a new definition of NDF and SDF. Similarly, the numerical mean static pressure is null in the Undisturbed Region of Flow (URF) of the mean evolution, allowing a new definition of URF. The turbulent Schmidt number shows differences at the two smallest Reynolds numbers, Re = 5000 and 10,000, in comparison to the previous numerical results, obtained with a laminar Schmidt number equal to Sc = 1. A theoretical model is proposed for the passive scalar diffusion in the Undisturbed Region of Flow (URF) and the Potential Core Region (PCR), under the hypotheses of self-similarity, according to the Tollmien and Görtler approaches. The solutions of the present theoretical models, at Sc = 0.1, are self-similar in the PCR and in good agreement with the LES numerical results of the passive scalar, while the passive scalar profiles are not self-similar in the URF at the smaller Reynolds numbers, differently from what happens with a laminar Schmidt number in the range 1â100. The theoretical model assumes a turbulent Schmidt number inversely proportional to the mean velocity gradient in the PCR, as suggested by the LES results. The numerical results of the ScT in the URF are variable in the range 0â0.85, which is a value commonly suggested in the literature. In the PCR the values of ScT are variable between zero and a maximum which is one order of magnitude greater than in the URF.</p
Numerical simulation of mass transfer and fluid flow evolution of a rectangular free jet of air
The paper presents Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of mass transfer and fluid flow evolutions of a submerged
rectangular free jet of air in the range of Reynolds numbers from Re = 3400 to Re = 22,000, with
the Reynolds number, Re, defined with the hydraulic diameter of the rectangular slot, of height H. The
numerical simulations are 3D for Re = 3400 and 6800, while 2D for Re = 10,400 and 22,000 to reduce computational
time costs. The average and instant LES numerical simulations are compared with the concentration
visualizations, obtained with the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique, and the fluid
dynamics variables, velocity and turbulence, measured with the PIV technique and the Hot Film
Anemometry (HFA). In the numerical simulations, the Schmidt number is equal to 100 to compare the
air concentration in the PIV experiments, while the turbulence on the exit of the slot is equal to the value
measured experimentally, and ranging between 1% and 2%. The average 2-3D LES simulations are in
agreement with the concentration and the fluid dynamics experimental results in the Undisturbed
Region of Flow (URF) and in the Potential Core Region (PCR), while the vortex breakdown is captured only
by the 3D LES approach. As far as the instant flow evolution is concerned, the 2-3D LES simulations reproduce
the Negligible Disturbances Flow (NDF), where the jet height maintains constant, and the Small
Disturbances Flow (SDF), where the jet height oscillates, with contractions and enlargements, but without
the vortex formation. Average and instant velocity and turbulence numerical simulations on the centreline
are in good agreement to the experimental PIV measurements
Experiments and numerical simulations of mass transfer and flow evolution in transient rectangular free jet of air
The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link.The paper investigates the transient flow evolution, up to the steady state, of a rectangular free jet of air with
aspect ratio AR=6.3. The Reynolds number, Re, defined according to the hydraulic diameter, D, of the rectangular
slot of height H, equal to about D=2H, spans in the range from Re=48,000 to Re=3400. A centrifugal
fan generates the jet flow with a velocity increasing, as a ramp, from zero up to a constant steady state
value. In the transient state of the flow the jet is composed of a primary vortex (PV) and a quasi-stable stem. In
the transient 2D experimental instant images the stem of the jet has a height equal to that of the slot and a length
increasing with the time up to a maximum value, which is greater than the lengths observed in the steady state,
i.e. Negligible Disturbance Flow (NDF) and Small Disturbance Flow (SDF). The experimental jet evolution,
observed with measurements and image processing, show that the primary vortex pinch-off does not occur for all
the Reynolds numbers investigated, while the leading vortex structure becomes progressively incoherent and
breaks down into turbulence. Two-dimensional (2D) Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of mass transfer and fluid
flow evolution confirm the experimental images. The transient LES simulations are in good agreement with the
experimental results
Numerical Simulation and Self-Similarity of the Mean Mass Transfer in Turbulent Round Jets
The paper investigates the mean mass transfer/passive scalar spreading in turbulent submerged round jets. Two regions of flow are present in the jet evolution: the Near-Field Region (NFR) and the Fully Developed Region (FDR). This group of research investigates from some years the mean evolution of turbulent rectangular jets with the new physical finding that two sub-regions (not a single one) are present in the NFR. The first region of the two is the newly discovered Undisturbed Region of Flow (URF), while the second one is the known Potential Core Region (PCR). In a recent paper we showed that the flow evolution of turbulent round jets, as far as momentum spreading is concerned, is self-similar also in the NFR. Literature shows that mass transfer spreading is self-similar only in FDR. The present paper presents new mean mass transfer results of the numerical Large Eddy Simulation (LES) in turbulent round jets. Four Reynolds numbers, from 2492 to 19,988, and two laminar Schmidt numbers, 1 and 10, are investigated. The first novel result of this paper is that mass transfer is self-similar in the NFR. The second result is that two new analytical models describe the passive scalar spreading in the URF and PCR. The third result is that two new self-similar laws describe the passive scalar spreading in the FDR. The fourth result states that the well-known power-law relationship, between passive scalar and axial momentum in the FDR, holds regardless of the modeling of turbulent viscosity and turbulent Schmidt number
Further results on the mean mass transfer and fluid flow in a turbulent round jet
The present paper reports new numerical results of the mean mass transfer in a turbulent submerged round jet. A series of Large Eddy Simulations (LES) are presented at four Reynolds (Re) numbers (Re = 2492, Re = 4491, Re = 9994, Re = 19,988) and laminar Schmidt (Sc) number equal to Sc = 10. The numerical results are specially focused on their patterns in the Undisturbed Region of Flow (URF), Potential Core Region (PCR) and Fully Developed Region (FDR). The present results are compared with the previous literature concerning a two-dimensional and a three-dimensional jet, issuing from an infinitely wide slot, with the conclusion that the turbulence moments decay faster in a round jet configuration.</p